N-Body Orbit Sandbox

The Force of Gravity

This simulation models Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: $F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$. This formula describes the attractive force ($F$) between any two objects. The force is stronger for objects with more mass ($m_1, m_2$) and gets significantly weaker as the distance ($r$) between them increases. This continuous force is what pulls objects into orbit.

Energy in an Orbit

• The work done by gravity gives the system stored Potential Energy (GPE). As objects get closer, GPE decreases (becomes more negative).
• This lost GPE is converted into Kinetic Energy (KE), the energy of motion, making the objects move faster.
• Because gravity is a "conservative" force, the Total System Energy (KE + GPE) remains constant!